Currently these can be summarized as Darwinian theory vs. Biblical theology, academic freedom of teachers vs. The above-mentioned two streams of thought converged in the mind of one man: George W. Accounts compiled over years later by various researchers interviewing Robinson, Rappleyea, Scopes, and others disagree so much on specific details that they can be harmonized only on major points. It is at least clear that by May 5 the following met with Doc Robinson at his drug store to discuss a possible test case of the evolution law: Rappleyea, Superintendent of Schools Walter White, lawyer Wallace C.
Haggard, city attorneys Herbert B. Hicks and his brother Sue K. Since the regular biology teacher, W. Ferguson, refused to be a part of a test case, Scopes was asked to help even though he was the football, basketball, and baseball coach and taught math, physics, and chemistry.
At least he had substituted for a few days in biology class when Ferguson was sick, but Scopes confessed. Because Bryan was a former Secretary of State, three-time presidential candidate, leader of the Democratic Party for some fifteen years, popular silver-tongued orator of the Chautauqua circuit, and famous spokesman for Christian fundamentalist ideas, his arrival on the scene raised the trial to major-league status and broadened the issues.
The thing to do is to make a fool out of Bryan. Neal of their availability. Darrow was radical and sensational, and Malone did not have the best public image, being an international divorce lawyer and a divorced, backslidden Catholic de Camp 74, , ; Fecher ; Scopes The next eight weeks were marked by a mixture of serious legal maneuvers and comic interludes. Chattanooga leaders tried unsuccessfully to get the trial.
Dayton leaders countered successfully by recalling Scopes from vacation in Kentucky, speeding up the legal process by two months, and arranging for two fake fights to maintain media interest. Back in Dayton the population swelled from about to about at the height of the trial.
And then there were the media people: three news services and reporters, whose stories totaled about two million words and whose ranks included H. The official chief counsel for the defense was Dr. John R. McElwee former student of Neal and replacement for John L. Godsey, who resigned the first day of the trial after being active in the planning and preparations. In addition, the defense had as librarian and Biblical authority Charles Francis Potter Modernist Unitarian preacher Scopes 65,; de Camp , , In charge of the prosecution was A.
Hicks from Dayton , Herbert B. Haggard F. Those officiating and assisting at the trial were under much pressure because of the significance of the issues, the importance of some of the lawyers, the hot July weather, the presence of the media, and the crowded conditions of the courtroom, which was built to seat about but had about twice that number seated and standing.
The court reporter was Mrs. Cartright to open in prayer. Because Judge Raulston had been so eager to get the case that he had allowed Scopes to be indicted on May 25th by a grand jury whose term had expired, the judge convened another grand jury to indict Scopes a second time Ginger Eight prospective jurors were examined and excused for various reasons.
In the order of their appearance, the following were selected for the jury: W. Roberson farmer, no church affiliation , J. Dagley farmer, Methodist , James W.
Riley farmer, Baptist , W. Taylor farmer, Southern Methodist , R. Gentry farmer and teacher, Baptist ; Jack R. Thompson jury foreman, former U. Marshall, farm owner, Methodist , W. Smith farmer, Baptist , Jess R. Bowman farmer and cabinet maker, Methodist Episcopal. William G. Day farmer, Baptist , R. West farmer and carpenter, Baptist , and John S. Wright farmer, Baptist. Trial ; de Camp On the second day, Monday, July 13, the Reverend M.
Moffett was asked to lead in prayer. The indictment was discussed at length, and a motion by Dr. Neal to quash it failed. The prominent speakers on this day were Dr. Neal, General Stewart, and Clarence Darrow, the last of whom concluded the day with a speech on freedom that takes up 13 of the 42 pages of the trial record for this day.
When Judge Raulston called on the Reverend Dr. Stribling to begin in prayer on the third day, Tuesday, July 14, Clarence Darrow objected to the practice and to the jury being present at the discussion of the matter. After heated discussion on both sides, the judge overruled in favor of opening the court with prayer. Court was then adjourned for much of the day in order to allow the judge to formulate a decision regarding the question raised on day two about the constitutionality of the law and the motion to quash the indictment.
Charles Francis Potter, the Unitarian minister from New York who assisted the defense as an expert on religion. Judge Raulston then read his lengthy and carefully worded decision about the motion to quash the indictment. Finding the indictment adequately clear and the law appropriate in its relation to freedom of thought and expression, Raulston overruled the motion.
In the afternoon session, Scopes pleaded not guilty. Then the prosecution called the following witnesses: Superintendent of Schools Walter White; school board chairman F. Scopes at the time of the May 25th hearing and Darrow at the time of the trial both coached some of the prospective student witnesses on the details of evolution so they would appear to have learned the subject from Scopes.
Darrow, in fact, roomed at the home of one witness, Howard Morgan Allem 66; de Camp ; Scopes In the entire long trial, these were the only witnesses whose testimony was part of the official record. Ironically Scopes could have avoided a criminal trial with its possible conviction and loss of a job by taking advantage of his status as a professional educator, questioning the constitutionality of the anti-evolution law, and asking for a declaratory judgment Larson For their first witness, the defense team called Johns Hopkins University zoologist Dr.
Maynard M. Metcalf Trial In number of days but not in dramatic and legal high points, the trial was at the fifth-day halfway mark on Thursday, July 16, when the Reverend Dr. Allen of Nashville was named to open the court session with prayer. Sue Hicks, B. McKenzie, Darrow, and Neal joined the heated discussion.
Bryan then turned the tables on Darrow by using against him his argument in the Leopold and Loeb murder case. Legal technicians Stewart and Hays finished out the day of stirring speeches by debating on principles of interpretation.
Stewart pointed out that the intent of the legislature rather than individual words such as and in the Butler Bill was the rule in Tennessee for interpretation Trial Eastwood to pray before the sixth and shortest day of the trial, which was on Friday, July Judge John Raulston began by summarizing in clear and careful detail the arguments of the prosecution and the defense on the important matter of the admission of expert testimony presented the day before.
Then he sustained the motion of the attorney general to exclude expert testimony. After a lengthy discussion, Raulston agreed to allow the defense to include the expert testimony but in the absence of the jury , to read it into the record though the judge and the prosecution preferred that time be saved by simply submitting it in written affidavit form , to protect it from cross-examination though Bryan requested this privilege , and to give the defense a recess of the rest of the day to prepare documents that the defense lawyers could read into the record though the judge preferred direct dictation from the witnesses, and the prosecution was unhappy at losing so much time.
The evaluation of trial historian L. But without comment at a. Though there had been some dramatic and interesting spots, the trial proceedings up to this point had been long, technical, and uninteresting to the average layman. The worldwide audience coverage continued, but the audience in and about the courtroom began to thin out. On Saturday, July 18, the exodus began: H. Thompson headed to Florida, W.
Bryan, Jr. Monday, July 20, the seventh day of the trial, began hot and was to get hotter both in weather conditions and word confrontations. The opening prayer was delivered by the Reverend Standefer.
After lengthy discussion taking up ten pages of the court record and similar to that on day six, Arthur Garfield Hays was finally permitted to summarize and read verbatim into the record twelve written testimonials of the scientific and Biblical experts the defense had congregated.
The reading took the rest of the morning and part of the afternoon. In order of presentation, statements from the following were inserted in the record but not as an official part of the trial as far as the jury and cross-examination were concerned but as indications of what the defense proof would have been, should the case go to a higher court in the appeal process:. The documents ranged from one to eighteen pages. Charles H. In between the statements by Dr.
Curtis and Dr. Rosenwasser, the court recessed for lunch. Judge Raulston inspected cracks in the first-floor ceiling caused by the weight of the crowd upstairs. Stewart conferred with the defense and arranged for Darrow to apologize to the court. After the recess, Darrow apologized grudgingly but sufficiently to satisfy the big-hearted judge, who quoted Scripture and forgave Darrow.
Because of the building stress, the heat, and the crowd, Judge Raulston reconvened the court on a platform in the courtyard below. The heat, the boredom of the expert testimonials being read by Hays, and the dim prospects of anything important or exciting happening from this point on tempted all but a half dozen of the more than one hundred reporters either to go back home or seek cooler, more inviting surroundings that afternoon.
As a result they missed not only the cooler court setup of being out under the trees but also one of the hottest exchanges of the entire trial.
Because so few reporters were present when Bryan took the stand to be interrogated by Darrow, Scopes was conscripted to write covering news stories for the delinquent newsmen Scopes Much of the Scopes Trial news coverage in and ever since leaves a great deal to be desired. On the lowest level there was character assassination.
On a level not much higher was the one-sided, biased reporting which presented the remarks of Darrow, Malone, and Hays as virtually flawless but described the utterances of Bryan as vividly faulty. In addition to the inexcusable bias, the press also did a poor job on the level of the trial issues.
Also largely ignored was the fact that Bryan was not against the teaching of evolution — if it were taught as a theory rather than as a true fact — and if equal time were given to other major options, such as creationism. Another overlooked point was that Bryan did not ask that religion be taught in the public schools.
What he objected to was religion being attacked in the public schools Smith ; Levine , , Bryan as a witness. The highly irregular procedure of calling an opposition lawyer as a witness was objected to by Attorney General Stewart but permitted by Judge Raulston and agreed to by Bryan — with the understanding that he would be allowed to put Darrow, Malone, and Hays on the stand Trial , , ; de Camp , Reactions by reporters and subsequently by historians ranged the gamut.
A few were positive. The above-mentioned conflicting evaluations necessitate an examination of the trial transcript. And so it went for almost two hours, ranging over some fifty topics with several related questions each. Bryan was careful to define terms, adhere to known facts, distinguish between literal and figurative language, and frankly admit when he did not know the answer.
From time to time Stewart questioned the legality of the proceedings, especially when Darrow cross-examined his own witness. And they disclosed that Bryan was flexible enough to allow for the days of creation being longer than twenty-four hours each and perhaps as long as millions of years. The eighth and final day of the trial, Tuesday, July 21, was opened in prayer by the Reverend Dr. Even though the Butler Act was not scientific and not based on truth, its purpose was to maintain the traditional lifestyles that had been practiced for centuries.
The early twenties…. In Dayton, Tennessee , the Scopes Monkey Trial was a debated topic about the theory that denied the story of creationism as said in the bible. Reporters, spectators, and crowds all came to this trial to watch this misdemeanor of the high school teacher, John Thomas Scopes.
John Scopes was a high school teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, and was arrested because he was teaching the theory of evolution in his high school biology class. These laws were a result of a strong fundamentalist movements spreading throughout the United States. In the American…. The Scopes Trial Today evolution is taught in public schools in America, but it has not always been that way.
The legal battle that led to the teaching of evolution in public schools has been a very long one. Creationism was taught in public schools until the late 19th century. This would continue in America until a flamboyant, Christian, lawyer named William Jennings Bryan campaigned against the….
This caused many religious fundamentalists to fight against it. They took their battle to the law books, and they were challenged by pro-evolution modernists in the Scopes "Monkey Trial" of The theory of Evolution was developed by Charles Darwin throughout his life and published in in a book called "The Origin of Species.
In this book, Charles Darwin explains that species need to evolve and adapt in order to survive. Darwin outlines the scientific theory of evolution;…. Date: School: Facilitator: 5. Who supported the Butler Act? Who opposed the Butler Act? Tennessee vs. John Scopes: The monkey trial It was the year and in the town of Dayton, Tennessee a trial that would decide whether evolution would be taught in public schools.
0コメント